Background: Humor is an important quality, which is highly effective in human communications. Despite its advantages, if humor is not used correctly, it may have unethical outcomes, springing to the mind a vague picture of humor’ s intrinsic morality. Therefore, the current study sought to explain the nature of humor and compare it with similar concepts in order to establish its limits as a behavioral quality. To this end, the paper conducted a narrative review of existing definitions and theories in the relevant papers and books as well as English and Persian dictionaries. Conclusion: The Results: showed that humor (a quality) and sense of humor (a combination of personal attributes) are positive ethical concepts that may produce negative outcomes in case of the following: (1) imbalance and (funny) content violation (exceeding the humor limits), (2) excessive use of humor (in terms of frequency and periodicity). As a result, humor is likely to have unethical outcomes, but sense of humor is always a positive behavioral quality. To demarcate humor morally, it is necessary to compare it with similar and related concepts; such a comparison requires the following: (1) intention and purposefulness (positive and well-meant), (2) minor violation. In line with this, this paper compared humor with several similar concepts including witticism, jokes, sarcasm, irony, mockery, derision, teasing, etc.

Illegality is a main obstacle of social improvement. Expecting others to obey laws and regularities and do not paying attention to our duties as citizens, Interpreting the laws for our individual and group benefits, cheating , using law as a tool, fraud in the application of law, misuse of law, inflicting severe damages on public and private profits, and committing offenses are all different forms of illegality. Illegality is a negative cultural state of being against the rules of law, which is opposed to legality. Citizens have various civil, political, social, economic, cultural and judicial rights, and providing these rights is aimed by all governments. Public organizations also commit offenses by employing discriminatory and unfair regulations. The current study aims toassess the effects of illegality on citizens, and mutual rights of government and citizens, and also the effects of intraorganizationalillegalities on citizens’ rights.

Introduction: In particle physics, CP violation is a violation of the postulated CP symmetry of the laws of physics. CP violation represents the most delicately broken symmetry observed so far in nature and provides physicists with a powerful phenomenological probe. The violation of CP symmetry is one of the most intriguing aspects of high-energy physics which plays an important role in the theories of cosmology that attempt to explain the dominance of matter over antimatter in the present universe. The study of CP violation remains a vibrant area of theoretical and experimental work today. From 1964, experimenters have searched for CP violation in mesons. Mesons are essential to CP violation. A meson contains one quark and one antiquark, in an equal mixture of matter and antimatter. Family of mesons involves particles like pions, kaons, B and D mesons and etc.Aim: A theoretical tool for CP symmetry breaking has been used and the violation of this symmetry in b quark decays has been investigated.Materials and Methods: In this research, the decay rates of b quark and`b antiquark in tree-level and penguin based on effective Hamiltonian theory have been calculated and the values of CP violation in b quark decays have been obtained by means of them.Results: Relying on quark model of b and`b decays, we have compared theoretical results with experimental ones for CP violation in B meson decays. We consider that b→ ud`u and b →cs`c decays have greatest and smallest values of CP violation, respectively.Conclusion: Various b quark and`b antiquark decay rates in tree-level and penguin, based on effective Hamiltonian theory, calculated. Obviously, when calculating the decay rates of those four decays which only contain tree-level, b → ud`c, b → us`c, b → cd`u and b→ cs`u, Wilson coefficients C3, ..., 6 that carry the gluonic penguin contributions, have been taken equal to zero and hence, there is no difference between quark and antiquark decay rates for these decays. Making use of CP asymmetry relation and using the values of the decay rates in, we calculate CP violation for those b quark decays which have different rate from the corresponding antiquark due to the effect of penguin contribution and presence of Wilson coefficients C3, ..., 6 in effective Hamiltonian formalism.

In this note we characterize all graphs without a $2C_3$-minor. A consequence of this result is a characterization of the bicircular matroids with no $U_{3,6}$-minor.

The culture of every nation is made up of values and beliefs that determine the identity of people, which undergo changes and transformations and sometimes attack during the process of globalization. Paying attention to the consequences and dangers of cultural invasion can have an all-round and extensive effect on various dimensions of political, cultural and economic rule and affect the rule in the territory. The present descriptive-analytical research seeks to understand the concept of cultural invasion and its various examples from the perspective of international law. This research shows that although it cannot be claimed that cultural affairs remain exclusively within the national jurisdiction, propaganda and cultural genocide are the most important examples of cultural aggression, and international law provides various tools such as self-help, legitimate defense, and cultural sanctions for the government under attack. By using the general standards of international responsibility, where the cultural invasion is contrary to international legal rules, the responsibility of the violators can be demanded.

In order to study the littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor) resistance to diclofop - methyl herbicide an experiment was conducted at Department of Weed Science, Plant Protection Research Institute greenhouse in 2004-2005. The type of design was completely randomized design, with four replications per treatment. Treatments included sixteen Phalaris populations treated with recommended dose of diclofop - methyl (900 gr ai/ha). In this experiment eight populations: GR13, KhR2, FR7, FR2, FR4, GR12, KhR5 and KhR3 that contain GR50 and LD50 more than 50%, showed resistancy when treated with recommended dose with diclofop - methyl. The rate of resistancy for above mentioned populations dry weight was 7.26, 8.11, 9.36, 11.18, 12.66, 16.77, 20.35 and 24.25, and for the number of survived plants was 8.65, 10, 10.82, 12.54, 14.15, 15.06, 16.14 and 20.32 respectively.

Concerning Wudu (minor ablution), there are different views among the schools of Islamic jurisprudence. It is to be confessed that the Holy Qur’an has explicitly talked about minor ablution. The disagreement, however, of the Qaris (those who recite the Qur’an) on how to recite the related verses, gave rise to different understandings and diverse legal fatwas on the issue. The verses of minor ablution, according to a great number of Sunni jurists, signify one single meaning, whatever form they may be recited. Some traditions, nonetheless, are referred to as the source of some justifications brought about a considerable gap among Muslim jurists. This article attempts to re-analyze the two understandings of the law of minor ablution and to examine the way the difference had come in order to pave the way for some common point between the two schools. The author argues that even the Sunni jurists have not shown some reliable documents or clear-cut text of traditions from the holy Prophet (PBUH) to prove washing of the feet and the converse washing of the hands. The article then concludes that if the Sunni jurists were bound by their celebrated collections of hadith and paid.